ISSN 2520-6265 (print)
ISSN 2520-6273 (online)
A CURRENT STATE, WORLD PRACTICE AND KEY TRENDS
Authors:
V. V. Smyrnov, PhD student, Faculty of Psychology,
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
ORCID: 0009-0000-6100-6551
E-mail: v.smirnov108@gmail.com
О. V. Ladyhina, Assistant Professor,
Department of Psychological diagnostics and Clinical Psychology,
PhD student, Faculty of Psychology
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
ORCID: 0009-0002-6669-1118
E-mail: e.ladyhina@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/upj.2025.2(24).8
Article Information
Issue: 2(24) 2025, pages: 166-195
Language: Ukrainian
Received: 11.10.2025
1st Revision: 23.10.2025
Accepted: 01.11.2025
The article reviews scientific literature on body practices used for correction of stress disorders and summarizes the data presented in it. The growing popularity of traditional health practices such as yoga, tai chi and qigong and intensified scientific studies on their effectiveness has led to increased interest in integration of body practices into sets of methods correcting stress-associated disorders. Due to their impact on the brain basic structures, the autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitter mechanisms, traditional body practices contribute to homeostasis restoration and normalization of mental and somatic states. The examined studies have revealed the high effectiveness of yoga practices, which include dosed physical activity, breathing and meditative exercises, in relieving of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic disorders in people under severe stress. The traditional Chinese health body practices, such as tai chi and qigong, combine modified fighting movements with philosophy and exercises for balancing and healing to reduce effectively affective symptoms, improve cognitive functioning and quality of life of patients with stress-associated disorders. The effect of body practices on alleviation of stress psychopathological consequences is long-lasting one and not less then that of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Modern communication technologies allow practitioners to conduct classes remotely, which significantly increases their accessibility. The main trends in body practice development are their active advancement for different people, integration into sets of methods for treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of various mental and somatic disorders, as well as use of modern interactive technologies to make corrective body practices more available.
Key words: stress disorders, body practices, yoga, tai chi, qigong.
References:
Ahmed, S. H., Zakai, A., Zahid, M., Jawad, M. Y., Fu, R. & Chaiton, M. (2024). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among civilians residing in armed conflict-affected regions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Psychiatr., 37(3), e101438. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101438.
Arya, R. G., Srivastava, D., Divya, B. R., Madhu & Bhargav, H. (2025). A Systematic Review of Yoga Interventions on the Mental Health of Nursing Professionals and Students. Int J Yoga, 18(1), 13-26. DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_195_24.
Avery, T. J. et al. (2021). Clinical yoga program utilization in a large health care system. Psychol Serv., 18(3), 389-397. DOI: 10.1037/ser0000420.
Back, S. E., Acierno, R., Saraiya, T. C., Harley, B., Wangelin, B., Jarnecke, A. M., McTeague, L. M., Brown, D. G., Ana, E. S., Rothbaum, A. O. & Adams, R. J. (2022). Enhancing Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD using physiological biomarker-driven technology. Contemp Clin Trials Commun., 28, 100940. DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100940.
Barnett, et al. (2019). Exercise ameliorates deficits in neural microstructure in a Disc1 model of psychiatric illness. Magn Reson Imaging., 61, 90-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.05.021.
Bhargav, H., Holla, B., Ramakrishna, K. K., Shivakumar, V., Gokulakrishnan, K., Varambally, S. & Gangadhar, B. N. (2022). Yoga and Integrative Healthcare: Lessons from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in India. Int J Yoga, 15(2), 150-157. DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_56_22.
Bianjiang, Z., Jianchun, Z., Xiaoyu, S. & Jian, Y. (2025). Mind-body intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 178. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-025-06620-x.
Bolton, D. (2023). A revitalized biopsychosocial model: core theory, research paradigms, and clinical implications. Psychol Med., 53(16), 7504-7511. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291723002660.
Bressington, D., Hyland, P., Steele, H., Byrne, M., Mitchell, D., Keane, C., Shevlin, M., Ho, G., Murta, J.C.D., Easpaig, B.N.G., Liu, X. Zhai, J., Murphy, D. & Karatzias, T. (2024). ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder in mental health support-seeking former-serving Australian defence force veterans. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 58(5), 416-424. DOI: 10.1177/00048674241230197.
Brown, R. P. & Gerbarg, P. L. (2009). Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 1172, 54-62. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04394.x.
Bryant, R. A., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., O’Donnell, M. L., Forbes, D. & Creamer M. (2023). The Lingering Impact of Resolved PTSD on Subsequent Functioning. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ), 21(3), 290-295. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.23021016.
Bryngeirsdottir, H. S. & Halldorsdottir, S. (2022). The challenging journey from trauma to post-traumatic growth: Lived experiences of facilitating and hindering factors. Scand J Caring Sci., 36(3), 752-768. DOI: 10.1111/scs.13037.
Catani, C., Kohiladevy, M., Ruf, M., Schauer, E., Elbert, T. & Neuner, F. (2009). Treating children traumatized by war and Tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in North-East Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 22. DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-9-22.
Chen, Q. (2024). Neurobiological and anti-aging benefits of yoga: A comprehensive review of recent advances in non-pharmacological therapy. Exp Gerontol., 196, 112550. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112550.
Clarke, T. C., Barnes, P. M., Black, L.I., Stussman, B. J. & Nahin, R. L. (2018). Use of Yoga, Meditation, and Chiropractors Among U.S. Adults Aged 18 and Over. NCHS Data Brief, 325, 1-8. PMID: 30475686.
Cramer, H., Ward, L., Steel, A., Lauche, R., Dobos, G. & Zhang, Y. (2016). Prevalence, Patterns, and Predictors of Yoga Use: Results of a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey. Am J Prev Med., 50(2), 230-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.037.
Dell’Osso, L., Lorenzi, P., Nardi, B., Carmassi, C. & Carpita, B. (2022). Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) in the Frame of Traumatic Experiences. Clin Neuropsychiatry, 19(6), 390-393. DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220606.
Descilo, T., Vedamurtachar, A., Gerbarg, P. L., Nagaraja, D., Gangadhar, B. N., Damodaran, B., Adelson, B., Braslow, L. H., Marcus, S. & Brown, R.P. (2010). Effects of a yoga breath intervention alone and in combination with an exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the 2004 South-East Asia tsunami. Acta Psychiatr Scand., 121(4), 289-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01466.x.
Dick, A. M., Niles, B. L., Street, A. E., DiMartino, D. M. & Mitchell, K. S. (2014). Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: the influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptoms. J Clin Psychol., 70(12), 1170-1182. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22104.
D’Silva, S., Poscablo, C., Habousha, R., Kogan, M. & Kligler, B. (2012). Mind-body medicine therapies for a range of depression severity: a systematic review. Psychosomatics, 53(5), 407-423. DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2012.04.006.
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science (New York), 196(4286), 129–136. DOI: 10.1126/science.847460.
Fanai, M. & Khan, M.A.B. (2023). Acute Stress Disorder. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560815/
Fu, Q. (2022). Autonomic dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in post-traumatic stress disorder. Auton Neurosci., 237, 102923. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102923.
Fung, H. W., Leousi, A., Chau, A.K.C., Sit, K. Y., Lam, C. C., Lay, C. M., Huang, C.H.O., Cheung, C.T.Y., Lam, S.K.K., Wang, E.K.S. & Ho, G.W.K. (2025). Prevalence of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in the general populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr., 110, 104610. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104610.
Gebreyesus, A., Gebremariam, A. G., Kidanu, K. G., Gidey, S., Haftu, H., Nigusse, A. T., Shishay, F. & Mamo L. (2024). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among internally displaced persons: unveiling the impact of the war of Tigray. Discov Ment Health, 4, 18. DOI: 10.1007/s44192-024-00069-2.
Gendron, L. M., Nyberg, A., Saey, D., Maltais, F. & Lacasse, Y. (2018). Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 10(10), CD012290. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012290.pub2.
Gordon, J. S., Staples, J. K., He, D.Y. & Atti, J.A.A. (2016). Mind‐body skills groups for posttraumatic stress disorder in Palestinian adults in Gaza. Traumatology, 22, 155–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000081.
Gothe, N. P., Keswani, R. K. & McAuley, E. (2016). Yoga practice improves executive function by attenuating stress levels. Biol Psychol., 121(Pt A), 109-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.010.
Gradus, J. L. (2017) Prevalence and prognosis of stress disorders: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Clin Epidemiol., 9, 251-260. DOI: 10.2147/CLEP.S106250.
Granath, J., Ingvarsson, S., von Thiele, U. & Lundberg, U. (2006). Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn Behav Ther., 35(1), 3-10. DOI: 10.1080/16506070500401292.
Grodin, M. A., Piwowarczyk, L., Fulker, D., Bazazi, A. R. & Saper, R. B. (2008). Treating survivors of torture and refugee trauma: a preliminary case series using qigong and t’ai chi. J Altern Complement Med., 14(7), 801-806. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2007.0736.
Halappa, N. G. (2023). Integration of yoga within exercise and sports science as a preventive and management strategy for musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and mental disorders – A review of the literature. J Bodyw Mov Ther., 34, 34-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.055.
Hewett, Z. L., Cheema, B. S., Pumpa, K. L. & Smith, C. A. (2015). The Effects of Bikram Yoga on Health: Critical Review and Clinical Trial Recommendations. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 2015, 428427. DOI: 10.1155/2015/428427.
Huberty, J., Sullivan, M., Green, J., Kurka, J., Leiferman, J., Gold, K. & Cacciatore, J. (2020). Online yoga to reduce post traumatic stress in women who have experienced stillbirth: a randomized control feasibility trial. BMC Complement Med Ther., 20(1), 173. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02926-3.
Jindani, F., Turner, N. & Khalsa, S. B. (2015). A Yoga Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress: A Preliminary Randomized Control Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 2015, 351746. DOI: 10.1155/2015/351746.
Kahn, J. R., Collinge, W. & Soltysik, R. (2016). Post‐9/11 veterans and their partners improve mental health outcomes with a self‐directed mobile and web‐based wellness training program: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(9), 18–40. DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5800.
Kananian, S., Soltani, Y., Hinton, D. & Stangier, U. (2020). Culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy plus problem management (CA-CBT+) with afghan refugees: A randomized controlled pilot study. J Trauma Stress, 33, 928–38. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22615.
Kaplan, J., Somohano, V. C., Zaccari, B. & O’Neil, M. E. (2024). Randomized controlled trials of mind–body interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Front Psychol., 14, 1219296. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219296.
Kaushik, M., Yadav, A., Upadhyay, A., Gupta, A., Tiwari, P., Tripathi, M. & Dada, R. (2025). Yoga an integrated mind body intervention for improvement in quality of life in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers. Front Aging., 6, 1449485. DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2025.1449485.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R. & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
Kimbrough, E., Magyari, T., Langenberg, P., Chesney, M. & Berman, B. (2010). Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors. J Clin Psychol., 66(1), 17-33. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20624.
Kjellgren, A., Bood, S.A., Axelsson, K., Norlander, T. & Saatcioglu, F. (2007). Wellness through a comprehensive yogic breathing program – a controlled pilot trial. BMC Complement Altern Med., 7, 43. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-7-43.
Kuhfuß, M., Maldei, T., Hetmanek, A. & Baumann, N. (2021). Somatic experiencing – effectiveness and key factors of a body-oriented trauma therapy: a scoping literature review. Eur J Psychotraumatol., 12(1), 1929023. DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1929023.
La Chiusa, I. C. (2016). The transformation of Ashtanga yoga: Implicit memory, dreams, and consciousness for survivors of complex trauma. NeuroQuantology, 14, 255–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14704/NQ.2016.14.2.941.
Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Mattioli, E., Crocetti, E., Agostini, A., Grandi, S. & Tossani, E. (2022). Post-traumatic growth in people experiencing high post-traumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The protective role of psychological flexibility. J Contextual Behav Sci., 26, 44-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.008.
Li, Z., Liu, S., Wang, L. & Smith, L. (2019). Mind-Body Exercise for Anxiety and Depression in COPD Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(1), 22. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010022.
Liao, D., Long, Y., Yu, T., Kang, X., Liu, S., Yan, J. & Zhang, A. (2023). Emergency medical service personnel’ post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological detachment: The mediating role of presenteeism. Front Public Health, 11, 1030456. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1030456.
Lira, S. B., Vieira, F., Cavalcanti, D. E., Souza-Marques, B., Netto, L. R., Correia-Melo, F. S., Leal, G. C., Pereira, J. L., Santos, L. L., Guedes, G. M., Teles, C. A., Cardoso, T. A., Miranda-Scippa, Â., Kapczinski, F., Lacerda, A.L.T., Koenen, K. C., Turecki, G. & Quarantini, L. C. (2022). Suicide attempt, impulsivity, and exposure to trauma in college students. Braz J Psychiatry, 44(3), 279-288. DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2175.
Maercker, A., Cloitre, M., Bachem, R., Schlumpf, Y. R., Khoury, B., Hitchcock, C. & Bohus, M. (2022). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Lancet, 400(10345), 60-72. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00821-2.
Mann, S. K., Marwaha, R. & Torrico, T.J. (2024). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559129/
Mansour, M., Joseph, G. R., Joy, G. K., Khanal S., Dasireddy, R. R., Menon, A., Barrie, Mason I., Kataria, J., Patel, T. & Modi, S. (2023). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review of Pharmacological and Psychotherapeutic Interventions. Cureus, 15(9), e44905. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44905.
Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Stockton, S., Bhutani, G., Grey, N., Leach, J., Greenberg, N., Katona, C., El-Leithy, S. & Pilling, S. (2020). Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis. Psychol Med., 50(4), 542-555. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720000070.
Mitchell, K. S., Dick, A. M., DiMartino, D. M, Smith, B. N., Niles, B., Koenen, K. C. & Street, A. (2014). A pilot study of a randomized controlled trial of yoga as an intervention for PTSD symptoms in women. J Trauma Stress, 27(2), 121-128. DOI: 10.1002/jts.21903.
Nakamura, Y., Lipschitz, D. L., Donaldson, G. W., Kida, Y., Williams, S. L., Landward, R., Glover, D. W., West, G. & Tuteja, A. K. (2017). Investigating Clinical Benefits of a Novel Sleep-Focused Mind-Body Program on Gulf War Illness Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychosom Med., 79(6), 706-718. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000469.
Nakamura, Y., Lipschitz, D.L., Landward, R., Kuhn, R. & West, G. (2011). Two sessions of sleep-focused mind-body bridging improve self-reported symptoms of sleep and PTSD in veterans: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Psychosom Res., 70(4), 335-345. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.09.007.
Nilaweera, D., Phyo, A.Z.Z., Teshale, A. B., Htun, H. L., Wrigglesworth, J., Gurvich, C., Freak-Poli, R. & Ryan, J. (2023). Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 229. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04716-w.
Niles, B. L., Mori, D. L., Polizzi, C., Pless Kaiser, A., Weinstein, E. S., Gershkovich, M. & Wang, C. (2018). A systematic review of randomized trials of mind-body interventions for PTSD. J Clin Psychol., 74(9), 1485-1508. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22634.
Papp, M. E., Lindfors, P., Storck, N. & Wändell, P. E. (2013). Increased heart rate variability but no effect on blood pressure from 8 weeks of hatha yoga – a pilot study. BMC Res Notes, 6, 59. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-59.
Pascoe, M. C. & Bauer, I. E. (2015). A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood. J Psychiatr Res., 68, 270-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013.
Patwardhan, A. R. (2017). Yoga Research and Public Health: Is Research Aligned With The Stakeholders’ Needs? J Prim Care Community Health, 8(1), 31-36. DOI: 10.1177/2150131916664682.
Perkonigg, A., Lorenz, L. & Maercker, A. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of ICD-11 adjustment disorder: Findings from the Zurich Adjustment Disorder Study. Int J Clin Health Psychol., 18(3), 209-217. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.05.001.
Prajapati, P., Kaliramana, P., Jamil, F., Agarwal, R., Agarwal, P. & Bhandari B. (2025). Exploring the Effects of Yoga on the Resting Metabolic Rate and Fat-to-Muscle Ratio of Medical Students: A Six-Week Interventional Study. Cureus, 17(6), e85314. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.85314.
Price, M., Spinazzola, J., Musicaro, R., Turner, J., Suvak, M., Emerson, D. & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). Effectiveness of an extended yoga treatment for women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 23, 300–309. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0266.
Quiñones, N., Maquet, Y. G., Vélez, D. M. & López, M. A. (2015). Efficacy of a Satyananda Yoga Intervention for Reintegrating Adults Diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Yoga Therap., 25(1), 89-99. DOI: 10.17761/1531-2054-25.1.89.
Reinhardt, K. M., Noggle, Taylor, J. J., Johnston, J., Zameer, A., Cheema, S. & Khalsa, S.B.S. (2018). Kripalu Yoga for Military Veterans With PTSD: A Randomized Trial. J Clin Psychol., 74(1), 93-108. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22483.
Rocha, K. K., Ribeiro, A. M., Rocha, K. C., Sousa, M. B., Albuquerque, F. S., Ribeiro, S. & Silva, R. H. (2012). Improvement in physiological and psychological parameters after 6 months of yoga practice. Conscious Cogn., 21(2), 843-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.014.
Roque-Lopez, S., Llanez-Anaya, E., Álvarez-López, M.J., Everts, M., Fernández, D., Davidson, R.J. & Kaliman, P. (2021). Mental health benefits of a 1-week intensive multimodal group program for adolescents with multiple adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl., 122, 105349. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105349.
Rothbaum, B.O. & Watkins, L. E. (2025). An Update on Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD. Am J Psychiatry, 182(5), 424-437. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20250110.
Sariahmed, K., Alshabani, N. & Morone, N. (2025). The Acceptability of Somatic Therapy for PTSD Among Patients at an Urban Safety Net Primary Care Clinic. Glob Adv Integr Med Health, 14, 27536130251366942. DOI: 10.1177/27536130251366942.
Schrader, C. & Ross, A. (2021). A Review of PTSD and Current Treatment Strategies. Mo Med, 118(6), 546-551. PMID: 34924624 PMCID: PMC8672952.
Schulz-Heik, R. J., Meyer, H., Mahoney, L., Stanton, M. V., Cho, R. H., Moore-Downing, D. P., Avery, T. J., Lazzeroni, L. C., Varni, J. M., Collery, L. M. & Bayley, P. J. (2017). Results from a clinical yoga program for veterans: yoga via telehealth provides comparable satisfaction and health improvements to in-person yoga. BMC Complement Altern Med., 17(1), 198. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1705-4.
Schuurmans, A.A.T., Nijhof, K. S., Popma, A., Scholte, R. & Otten, R. (2024). The effectiveness of game-based meditation therapy for adolescents with posttraumatic symptoms in residential care: a randomized controlled trial. Resid Treat Child Youth, 41, 275–294. DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1998444.
Seppala, E. M., Nitschke, J. B., Tudorascu, D. L., Hayes, A., Goldstein, M. R., Nguyen, D. T., Perlman, D. & Davidson, R. J. (2014). Breathing-based meditation decreases Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in U.S. military veterans: A randomized controlled longitudinal study. J Trauma Stress, 27, 397–405. DOI: 10.1002/jts.21936.
Shuper, E. E., Pitluk, M. & Elboim-Gabyzon, M. (2021). Grounding the connection between psyche and soma: creating a reliable observation tool for grounding assessment in an adult population. Front Psychol., 12, 621958. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621958.
Stankovic, L. (2011). Transforming trauma: a qualitative feasibility study of integrative restoration (iRest) yoga Nidra on combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Yoga Therap., 21, 23-37. PMID: 22398342.
Staples, J. K., Hamilton, M. F. & Uddo, M. (2013). A yoga program for the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans. Mil Med., 178(8), 854-860. DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00536.
Strawbridge, R., Carter, B., Marwood, L., Bandelow, B., Tsapekos, D., Nikolova, V. L., Taylor, R., Mantingh, T., de Angel, V., Patrick, F., Cleare, A. J. & Young, A. H. (2019). Augmentation therapies for treatment-resistant depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry, 214, 42–51. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.233.
Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Saper, R. B., Ciraulo, D. A. & Brown, R. P. (2012). Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Med Hypotheses., 78(5), 571-579. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021.
Tan, L., Strudwick, J., Deady, M., Bryant, R. & Harvey, S. B. (2023). Mind-body exercise interventions for prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 13(7), e064758. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064758.
Telles, S., Singh, N., Joshi, M. & Balkrishna, A. (2010). Post traumatic stress symptoms and heart rate variability in Bihar flood survivors following yoga: a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 18. DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-18.
Thomas, A., Kirschbaum, L., Crowe, B.M., Van Puymbroeck, M. & Schmid, A. A. (2021). The integration of yoga in physical therapy clinical practice. Complement Ther Med., 59, 102712. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102712.
Thordardottir, K., Gudmundsdottir, R., Zoëga H., Valdimarsdottir, U. A. & Gudmundsdottir, B. (2014). Effects of yoga practice on stress-related symptoms in the aftermath of an earthquake: A community-based controlled trial. Complement Ther Med., 22(2), 226-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.01.008.
Tyagi, P. & Jain, K. (2025). Effects of yogic practices on physiological and biochemical parameters of hypertensive patients: A systematic review of clinical trials. J Ayurveda Integr Med., 16(3), 101087. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.101087.
Van Denend, J., Ford, K., Berg, P., Edens, E. L. & Cooke, J. (2022). The Body, the Mind, and the Spirit: Including the Spiritual Domain in Mental Health Care. J Relig Health, 61(5), 3571-3588. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01609-2.
Van der Kolk, B.A., Stone, L., West, J., Rhodes, A., Emerson, D., Suvak, M. & Spinazzola, J. (2014). Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 75(6), e559-565. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.13m08561.
Ventres, W. B. & Frankel, R. M. (2021). Personalizing the BioPsychoSocial Approach: “Add-Ons” and “Add-Ins” in Generalist Practice. Front Psychiatry, 12, 716486. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716486.
Wahbeh, H., Senders, A., Neuendorf, R. & Cayton, J. (2014). Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med., 19(3), 161-175. DOI: 10.1177/2156587214525403.
Walker, J. & Pacik, D. (2017). Controlled Rhythmic Yogic Breathing as Complementary Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Case Series. Med Acupunct., 29(4), 232-238. DOI: 10.1089/acu.2017.1215.
Wang, F., Yang, W., Wang, C., Wang, K., Yu, Z., Ke, D., Sun, L. & Gao, X. (2025). Yoga and chronic diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Med Rev., 5(3), 244-255. DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0078.
Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R. & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018) Treating PTSD: A Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions. Front Behav Neurosci., 12, 258. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258.
Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B. & Friedman, M. J. (2013) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 74, 10–50. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.12r08225.
Wayne, P. M., Walsh, J. N., Taylor-Piliae, R. E., Wells, R. E., Papp, K. V., Donovan, N. J. & Yeh, G.Y. (2014). Effect of tai chi on cognitive performance in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc., 62(1), 25-39. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12611.
West, J., Otte, C., Geher, K., Johnson, J. & Mohr, D. C. (2004). Effects of Hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann Behav Med., 28(2), 114-118. DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm2802_6.
Xie, S., Cheng, Q., Tan, S., Li, H., Huang, T., Xiang, Y. & Zhou, X. (2024). The efficacy and acceptability of group trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 86, 127-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.11.012.
Yadla, V.S., Nj, P., Kamarthy, P. & Matti, M. R. (2024). Effect of Integrated Yoga as an Adjuvant to Standard Care for Panic Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial Study. Cureus, 16(1), e53286. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53286.
Zasiekina, L., Duchyminska, T., Bifulco, A. & Bignardi, G. (2024). War trauma impacts in Ukrainian combat and civilian populations: Moral injury and associated mental health symptoms. Mil Psychol., 36(5), 555-566. DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2235256.
Zhang, S., Zou, L., Chen, L.Z., Yao, Y., Loprinzi, P. D., Siu, P. M. & Wei, G.X. (2019). The Effect of Tai Chi Chuan on Negative Emotions in Non-Clinical Populations: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(17), 3033. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173033.
Zhang, Y., Loprinzi, P. D., Yang, L., Liu, J., Liu, S. & Zou, L. (2019). The Beneficial Effects of Traditional Chinese Exercises for Adults with Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicina (Kaunas), 55(5), 118. DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050118.
Zhou, S., Zhang, Y., Kong, Z., Loprinzi, P. D., Hu, Y., Ye, J., Liu, S., Yu, J. J. & Zou, L. (2019). The Effects of Tai Chi on Markers of Atherosclerosis, Lower-limb Physical Function, and Cognitive Ability in Adults Aged Over 60: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(5), 753. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050753.
Zhu, L., Li, L., Li, X. & Wang, L. (2022). Mind-body exercises for PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety in patients with PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol., 12, 738211. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.738211.
Zou, L., Han, J., Li, C., Yeung, A. S., Hui, S. S., Tsang, W.W.N., Ren, Z. & Wang, L. (2019). Effects of Tai Chi on Lower Limb Proprioception in Adults Aged Over 55: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 100(6), 1102-1113. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.425.
Zou, L., Yeung, A., Zeng, N., Wang, C., Sun, L., Thomas, G. A. & Wang, H. (2018). Effects of Mind-Body Exercises for Mood and Functional Capabilities in Patients with Stroke: An Analytical Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(4), 721. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040721.